___ is failure to involve in a decision the persons whose support is needed to implement it.

A) Framing error
B) Lack-of-participation error
C) Bounded rationality
D) Confirmation error
E) Strategic opportunism

Lack-of-participation error, also known as the "implementation error," occurs when the people whose support is needed to implement a decision are not involved in the decision-making process. This can lead to resistance and poor implementation of the decision, ultimately resulting in failure.