Different emotions (such as happiness and anger) are associated with

A) autonomic changes of completely different types.
B) identical autonomic changes.
C) autonomic changes that are entirely unpredictable.
D) similar but not identical autonomic changes.

Different emotions are associated with similar but not identical autonomic changes. For example, both anger and fear involve increased heart rate, but anger involves increased blood pressure while fear involves decreased blood pressure. Similarly, both happiness and excitement involve increased heart rate and activation of the sympathetic nervous system, but happiness is associated with decreased cortisol levels while excitement is associated with increased cortisol levels.