Which of the following did NOT contribute to Jewish Americans' ability to quickly climb the socioeconomic ladder?

A) Cultural legacy of literacy
B) Dark skin color
C) Hard work
D) Achievement orientation

Jewish Americans' socioeconomic success is often attributed to factors such as a cultural legacy of valuing literacy, hard work, and an achievement orientation. Dark skin color is not considered a factor that contributed to their ability to climb the socioeconomic ladder. In fact, in the context of American history, darker skin color has often been associated with racial discrimination and barriers to socioeconomic advancement.