Which of the following processes has been invoked to explain how individuals learn certain responses and why their responses differ from one another?

A) reinforcement
B) punishment
C) imitation
D) All of these.

All three of these processes (reinforcement, punishment, and imitation) have been invoked to explain how individuals learn certain responses and why their responses differ from one another. Reinforcement involves increasing the likelihood that a behavior will occur again by rewarding it. Punishment involves decreasing the likelihood that a behavior will occur again by punishing it. Imitation involves learning by observing and copying the behavior of others.