Zemstvos and dumas were

A) district assemblies and city councils.
B) Russian cities.
C) early Russian political parties.
D) Russian secret societies.
E) Russian titles of nobility.

Zemstvos

Local government institutions established in imperial Russia in the 19th century, responsible for providing social and economic services at the local level.

Dumas

A legislative body in the Russian Federation, historically a term referring to representative institutions in Imperial Russia.

Nobility

A social class traditionally possessing hereditary titles, lands, and considerable social and political privileges, often influential in the governance and culture of their societies.