Using an example, explain what a reference group is.

A reference group is a social group that an individual uses as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior. Reference groups can be groups that an individual is a member of or aspires to join, or they can be groups that the individual compares themselves against. These groups influence an individual's attitudes, beliefs, and behavior, often serving as a benchmark for social comparison.

For example, let's consider a college student named Alex who is majoring in environmental science. Alex's reference group might include fellow environmental science majors, professors in the field, and professional environmental activists. This group serves as a standard against which Alex measures their academic performance, career aspirations, and lifestyle choices. If the members of this reference group are actively engaged in sustainability practices, such as reducing waste, advocating for environmental policies, and participating in conservation efforts, Alex is likely to adopt similar behaviors and attitudes to align with the group's norms and values.

In this case, the reference group provides a source of inspiration, guidance, and social validation for Alex. It helps shape Alex's identity as an environmentalist and influences the decisions they make, such as choosing to volunteer for a local conservation project or pursuing an internship with an environmental organization. The reference group also serves as a point of comparison, as Alex might evaluate their own achievements and contributions in relation to the accomplishments of the group's members.

Reference groups are not limited to positive influences; they can also lead to negative behaviors if the group's norms are harmful or unethical. Additionally, individuals may belong to multiple reference groups simultaneously, each influencing different aspects of their lives, such as professional goals, personal interests, or lifestyle choices.