Beyond substituting for direct management supervision, __________ is often used to simplify jobs.

A) decentralization
B) span of control
C) adhocracy
D) coordination
E) formalization

Formalization involves the use of standard operating procedures, rules, and regulations to simplify job tasks, reduce ambiguity, and provide clear guidelines for employees to follow. This can help reduce the need for direct management supervision by creating a more structured work environment.