Describe the possible reasons for the increase in nonunion workplace dispute resolution systems in recent years.

There are three possible explanations for the increase in nonunion workplace dispute resolution systems. First, formal dispute resolution procedures can be part of a human resource strategy to increase organizational commitment and performance through high performance work systems. Second, the rising cost of litigation has employers looking for ways to avoid the possibility of costly lawsuits and the sometimes very high penalties assessed. Third, implementation of a grievance procedure can be a significant part of an employer's union substitution strategy.