The phenomenon whereby groups tend to shift and make more extreme the initial position of the majority of the members is referred to as ______.

A) risky shift
B) groupthink
C) normative influence
D) group polarization

Group polarization refers to the phenomenon in which a group discussion leads to a shift toward a more extreme position. This shift typically happens because group members are exposed to arguments and opinions that support their initial views, which strengthens their confidence in their position and makes them more likely to adopt more extreme positions. Group polarization is different from risky shift, which refers to the tendency for groups to make riskier decisions than individuals would make alone, and from groupthink, which refers to the tendency for groups to prioritize consensus and harmony over critical thinking and independent judgment. Normative influence refers to the influence that social norms and group expectations have on individuals' behavior and attitudes.