According to Vroom, which of the following concepts are important to understanding human motivation?

A) balance, expectations, and drive
B) valence, expectancy, and force
C) tolerance, opportunity, and growth
D) temptation, control, and pressure

Vroom's expectancy theory states that motivation is determined by the individual's expectancy (belief that effort will lead to performance), instrumentality (belief that performance will lead to outcomes), and valence (value placed on the outcomes). Valence refers to the strength of an individual's desire for a particular outcome, expectancy refers to the belief that effort will result in performance, and force (which can also be referred to as motivation) is a product of the valence and expectancy. Therefore, valence, expectancy, and force are the key concepts in understanding human motivation according to Vroom.