Explain what learned helplessness is and describe how it develops. Also discuss the effects it has on people and animals once it is established.

Learned helplessness is a psychological phenomenon where an individual or animal develops a sense of powerlessness and a belief that they have no control over their circumstances, even when opportunities for change or escape are present. This concept was first studied by psychologists Martin Seligman and Steven Maier in the 1960s.

Learned helplessness typically develops through repeated experiences of failure or adversity, particularly when the individual perceives that their actions have no impact on the outcome. For example, if a person repeatedly tries to solve a problem but consistently fails, they may begin to believe that their efforts are futile and give up trying altogether. This can lead to a sense of resignation and passivity, as the individual comes to believe that they are unable to change their situation.

The effects of learned helplessness can be profound. In both humans and animals, it can lead to feelings of depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem. It can also result in a lack of motivation to try new things or take on challenges, as the individual has learned to expect failure regardless of their efforts. In severe cases, learned helplessness can contribute to a sense of hopelessness and a reluctance to even attempt to improve one's circumstances.

In animals, learned helplessness has been observed in laboratory studies where animals are subjected to uncontrollable stressors, such as electric shocks. Over time, the animals may become passive and exhibit symptoms of depression, even when they are placed in situations where they could easily escape the stressor. This has led to concerns about the ethical treatment of animals in research settings and the potential impact of learned helplessness on their well-being.

Overall, learned helplessness is a significant psychological concept that can have far-reaching effects on individuals and animals. Understanding its development and impact is important for developing strategies to help individuals overcome this sense of powerlessness and regain a sense of control over their lives.