Habitat Corporation, a U.S. firm, owns property in India. The government of India seizes the property for a proper public purpose and pays the firm just compensation. This is

A) confiscation.
B) the act of state doctrine.
C) the doctrine of sovereign immunity.
D) expropriation.

Expropriation occurs when a government seizes private property for a public purpose and provides just compensation to the owner. This is distinct from confiscation, which typically involves seizure without compensation. The act of state doctrine and the doctrine of sovereign immunity are legal principles that may protect governments from certain types of legal actions in foreign courts, but they do not directly pertain to the seizure of property with compensation.