How did Durkheim explain the cohesiveness of society?

Émile Durkheim, a founding figure in the field of sociology, explained the cohesiveness of society through his theories on social solidarity and the division of labor. Durkheim's work focused on understanding how societies maintain order and coherence despite the individual differences and external pressures that could potentially lead to disintegration.

Durkheim introduced two main types of social solidarity: mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity.

1. Mechanical Solidarity: This form of social cohesion arises in traditional, pre-industrial societies, where individuals share similar values, beliefs, and lifestyles, which Durkheim referred to as a "collective conscience." In such societies, social bonds are strong because people have similar roles, tasks, and responsibilities, which leads to a sense of unity and sameness. The law in such societies tends to be repressive, with strict punishments for deviance, as a way to maintain the collective conscience.

2. Organic Solidarity: In contrast, organic solidarity emerges in modern, industrial societies characterized by a complex division of labor. As societies evolve, work becomes more specialized, and individuals become more interdependent on one another for the goods and services they provide. This interdependence creates a different form of social cohesion, where the collective conscience is less pronounced, and social bonds are based on the differences and complementarity of roles. The law in such societies is more restitutive, aiming to restore social balance rather than punish.

Durkheim argued that the division of labor in a society is not only an economic phenomenon but also a social mechanism that fosters social solidarity. As individuals specialize in different tasks, they become more reliant on others to fulfill their needs, which creates a web of social connections and interdependencies.

Furthermore, Durkheim believed that for a society to remain cohesive, it must have the means to integrate individuals and regulate their behavior. This is achieved through various social institutions, such as the family, education, religion, and the legal system, which all play a role in reinforcing social norms and values.

Durkheim's work on social cohesion was groundbreaking because it provided a sociological explanation for how societies can maintain unity and stability despite the inherent individualism and potential for conflict. His theories continue to influence sociological thought and our understanding of social structures and their functions within society.