In the 1960's, Lemuel Boulware determined General Electric's desired contract based on a careful financial analysis and a survey of the employees. He then crafted a "take it or leave it" proposal, presented it to the union, and refused to engage in discussions over the contract proposal. This is best described as an extreme example of:

A) Surface bargaining.
B) Direct dealing.
C) Refusal to provide information to the union.
D) Unilateral changes.

Take It or Leave It

A term commonly used in negotiations where one party presents a final offer to the other party, who must either accept it without changes or reject it entirely.

Lemuel Boulware

Was a corporate executive known for his strategy of dealing with unions and employees, which involved offering what he considered fair increases in wages and benefits up front, thus limiting negotiations.

Refusal

The act of declining to accept or comply with something such as an offer, proposal, or instruction.