In the context of performance management, _____ emphasizes collective performance rather than individual performance and is enhanced by employee involvement programs.

A) management by objectives
B) management by exception
C) organizational citizenship behavior
D) organizational behavior modification

Employee Involvement Programs

Programs designed to encourage employees to contribute their ideas and participate in decision-making processes within the organization.

Organizational Citizenship Behavior

Voluntary, discretionary behaviors exhibited by employees that are not directly recognized by the formal reward system but contribute to organizational effectiveness.

Collective Performance

Refers to the aggregated or combined outcomes and achievements of a group or team working together towards common objectives.