In the skills model,crystallized cognitive ability refers to ______.

A) intelligence quotient
B) intellectual ability acquired over time
C) motivation
D) effectiveness

Crystallized cognitive ability refers to intellectual abilities that are acquired over time through experience and education. This includes skills such as language comprehension, reading comprehension, general knowledge, and mathematical reasoning. Crystallized cognitive ability is dependent on factors such as education, socialization, and culture, and is seen as a measure of accumulated knowledge and skills.