In the U.S. it is generally believed that efficiency, equity, and voice are best attained using written rules enforced privately at the workplace level.

Written Rules

Formal guidelines and regulations that are documented and used to govern the actions and behaviors of members within an organization or society.

Equity

Equity involves fairness and justice in treatment, access, and opportunities, aiming to recognize and address disparities among different groups.

Voice

Refers to employees' ability to express concerns, grievances, or suggestions within their place of work.