Joint industrial councils have been shown to:

A) Be wholly ineffective at bringing employee voice to management decision-making.
B) Weaken management's decision rights.
C) Create harmony between management and the employees.
D) Give workers voice over a broader range of issues than if they were unionized.

Joint Industrial Councils

Bodies made up of representatives from both employers and employees in a particular industry, aimed at discussing and negotiating issues related to that industry.

Employee Voice

The way in which employees express their opinions and concerns about their work environment and contribute to decision-making processes within the organization.