List and discuss the three social barriers that make it difficult to penetrate the primary labour market.

The three social barriers that make it difficult to penetrate the primary labor market are discrimination, lack of access to education and training, and social networks.

Discrimination is a significant barrier that prevents individuals from accessing the primary labor market. This can take the form of racial, gender, age, or other forms of discrimination. Discriminatory hiring practices and workplace cultures can create significant obstacles for individuals trying to enter the labor market.

Lack of access to education and training is another barrier that can prevent individuals from accessing the primary labor market. Without the necessary skills and qualifications, individuals may struggle to compete for high-quality jobs. This can be particularly challenging for those from disadvantaged backgrounds who may not have had access to quality education and training opportunities.

Social networks also play a significant role in accessing the primary labor market. Many high-quality job opportunities are filled through referrals and networking, meaning that individuals without strong social connections may struggle to access these opportunities. This can create a cycle of exclusion for those who do not have access to the right social networks.

Overall, these social barriers create significant challenges for individuals trying to access the primary labor market. Addressing these barriers requires a multi-faceted approach that includes addressing discriminatory practices, improving access to education and training, and creating more inclusive networks and opportunities for all individuals.