Manning (2007) defines ______ as officers who rise through the ranks through seniority and examinations and supervise and handle paperwork.

A) patrol officers
B) middle managers
C) higher administrators
D) detectives and investigators

Middle Managers

Employees who manage the activities of subordinate staff while also reporting to higher-level management.

Seniority

The concept of giving priority or preference to individuals based on their length of service or tenure in a position or organization.

Paperwork

Routine work involving written documents such as forms, records, or letters, often seen as bureaucratic or administrative tasks.