Middle- and lower-level managers become risk-taking entrepreneurs in the transactive strategy-making mode.

Transactive Strategy-making

A process in which strategy formulation is seen as a dynamic exchange between various stakeholders within and outside the organization.

Risk-taking Entrepreneurs

Individuals who start businesses or ventures by embracing uncertainty and potentially high risks in pursuit of innovation and profits.

Middle-level Managers

Individuals who manage the work of first-line managers and report to top-level management, playing a crucial role in implementing organizational policies and strategies.