Mumford's skills model contends that leadership outcomes are the direct result of ______.

A) a leader's sociability
B) a leader's career experiences
C) a leader's willingness to lead
D) a leader's competencies

Mumford's skills model proposes that leadership outcomes are determined by the competencies or skills that a leader possesses. These competencies include cognitive abilities, interpersonal skills, business knowledge, and problem-solving skills. The model suggests that effective leaders develop and acquire these competencies through various experiences such as education, work, and training. However, a leader's sociability or willingness to lead may not necessarily determine their effectiveness as a leader, according to this model.