One of the most serious criticisms of psychoanalytic theory is its:

A) reliance on tests.
B) lack of flexibility.
C) unrealistic optimism.
D) use of after-the-fact explanations.

Psychoanalytic theory often relies on after-the-fact explanations, or retroactive analyses, in which an individual's behavior is explained in terms of unconscious motivations after it has occurred. This approach is criticized for lacking scientific validity and falsifiability, as it cannot be tested or proven objectively. Additionally, the theory is often criticized for its lack of empirical evidence and its reliance on subjective interpretations, leading to a lack of flexibility in its explanations.