Paralanguage includes gestures, facial expressions, proximity, time, and dress.

Paralanguage

Involves the non-verbal elements of communication used to convey emotion and modify meaning, such as tone of voice, loudness, and pitch.

Facial Expressions

Visible changes in the face that convey an individual's emotions, intentions, or social information.

Gestures

Physical movements, often made with the hands or face, that express ideas, emotions, or provide non-verbal communication.