Protective layers outside the bacterial cell membrane include ____.

A) cell walls only
B) capsules only
C) envelopes only
D) cell walls and plasmids
E) cell walls and capsules

Cell Walls

Rigid or semi-rigid structures surrounding the cell membrane of some cells, providing structural support and protection.

Capsules

Structures that enclose certain organisms or parts of organisms, often for protection, such as bacterial capsules which help evade immune responses.

Bacterial Membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a bacterium, controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell.