Research suggests that important processes allow American blacks to maintain high self-esteem relative to whites. Which of the following has NOT been shown to help American blacks maintain self-esteem?

A) The choice of social comparison targets
B) The criteria of self-worth
C) Attribution theory
D) The tendency to experience stereotype threat

Stereotype Threat

The risk of confirming negative stereotypes about an individual's racial, ethnic, gender, or cultural group that can hinder performance in relevant areas.

Social Comparison

A theory positing that individuals determine their own social and personal worth based on how they stack up against others they perceive as somehow faring better or worse.

Attribution Theory

A theory focused on how people interpret and understand their experiences by ascribing causes to behaviors and events.