Short-term effects of the effectiveness of training and development include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) changes in attitudes and feelings of line managers and their employees
B) changes in organizational culture
C) changes in work behaviors
D) HR Professionals seen as contributing to strategic business issues
E) a and c

Organizational Culture

The shared values, beliefs, attitudes, and practices that define a company and influence its interactions and operations.

Strategic Business Issues

Significant challenges or opportunities that affect an organization's strategy and business direction.

Training Effectiveness

The degree to which training programs achieve their intended outcomes, such as improving skills, knowledge, or job performance.