Some people claim that certain rock songs contain hidden messages that we can hear only if we play the music backwards. What have psychologists concluded about this claim?

A) Backward messages have powerful effects on most people.
B) Legal restraints have prevented rock groups from recording backward messages.
C) Backward messages affect only people who listen to the same song many times.
D) Even if backward messages are present, they have no effect on behavior.

Backward Messages

Reversed audio or visual stimuli that are claimed to be perceptible and meaningful when experienced in a normal forward mode, often discussed in the context of subliminal messages.

Rock Songs

Musical compositions typically featuring guitars and drums, influenced by rock and roll and blues, with memorable melodies and strong backbeats.

Behavior

Observable actions or responses of an organism, often studied in psychology to understand the underlying processes.