Stogdill's later studies argued that personality and situational factors were both determinants of leadership.

Personality Factors

Elements of an individual's personality, such as extroversion or agreeableness, that influence behavior and interactions.

Situational Factors

External conditions or circumstances that can affect decisions, behavior, and outcomes.

Stogdill's Studies

Research conducted by Ralph M. Stogdill that focused on identifying the traits and behaviors associated with effective leadership.