When knowledge, information, attitudes, or beliefs are contradictory, ________ is often experienced.

A) motivation
B) cognitive dissonance
C) unhappiness
D) self-esteem

When there is a discrepancy or inconsistency between two cognitive elements, it leads to cognitive dissonance, which causes discomfort or psychological stress. This often happens when a person's beliefs, attitudes, values, or behavior contradict each other, causing a state of mental discomfort or confusion. In response, people may modify their attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors to reduce the dissonance and restore balance or consistency.