When Tory's boyfriend tells her that he is going to Las Vegas with his friends for a week,she immediately begins to think about her ex-husband's affair in Las Vegas.She also recalls all the times her ex-husband deceived her,and so she becomes depressed and angry about her boyfriend's trip to Las Vegas.Tory's recollections illustrate

A) state-dependent memory.
B) rumination.
C) a pessimistic explanatory style.
D) learned helplessness.

Tory's constant dwelling on her negative thoughts and memories is an example of rumination, which can lead to depression and negative emotions. State-dependent memory refers to the phenomenon where memory recall is better when a person is in the same state they were in when they encoded the memory (such as being in the same emotional state). A pessimistic explanatory style refers to how a person tends to explain negative events in their life, while learned helplessness is when a person feels that their actions have no effect on their life circumstances, and so they give up trying to change them. Neither of these options accurately describe Tory's situation.