Which vertebrate organ filters blood, adjust its composition, and produces urine?

A) nephridium
B) Malpighian tube
C) kidney
D) liver
E) bladder

The kidney is the vertebrate organ that filters blood, adjusts its composition, and produces urine. Choice A is incorrect because nephridia are found in invertebrates and function in excretion rather than filtration of blood. Choice B is incorrect because Malpighian tubules are found in insects and function in excretion rather than filtration of blood. Choice D is incorrect because while the liver does play a role in maintaining blood composition, it does not filter blood or produce urine. Choice E is incorrect because the bladder stores urine but does not filter blood or adjust its composition.