Criminal Justice Expert Q&A

Mauer (2006) contends that since the ______ no policy has impacted Black incarceration more than the War on Drugs.

A) 1960s
B) 1970s
C) 1980s
D) 1990s

In ______ theory,criminal law is viewed as an instrument for the protection of the powerful and the elite,and punishment is based on nonrational factors such as race and social class.

A) consensus
B) symbolic aspect of social conflict
C) conflict
D) moral panics

Although disputes about the causes remain open,which of the following statements about incarceration rates (per 100,000 persons in the general population) in the U.S.is correct?

A) The Black rate is higher than either the Hispanic or white rate.
B) The Hispanic rate is higher than either the Black or white rate.
C) The White rate is higher than either the Black or Hispanic rate.
D) There are no statistically significant differences in rates between the three groups.

Which court case dealt with the issue of using race as sole reason for excusing potential jurors using peremptory challenges?

A) Strauder v.West Virginia
B) McClesky v.Kemp
C) Brown v.Board of Education
D) Batson v.Kentucky

A study of federal criminal cases found that when federal prosecutors request a sentence lower than stipulated minimum for those they seemed "salvageable" and "sympathetic" they were ______ likely to request lower sentences for blacks and Hispanic males than for white males.

A) less
B) twice as
C) more
D) three times as

In which United States Supreme Court case was Baldus' research rejected by the Court?

A) Strauder v.West Virginia
B) McClesky v.Kemp
C) Brown v.Board of Education
D) Plessy v.Ferguson

Research on the death penalty tends to show that ______.

A) race of the offender plays a role but race of the victim does not
B) race of the victim plays a role,but race of the victim does not
C) race of both the victim and offender play a role
D) neither the race of the offender or of the victim plays a role

According to Spohn,Gruhl,and Welch (1987) ,one analysis showed cases against blacks and Hispanics were ______ likely to be prosecuted than cases against whites.

A) less
B) twice as
C) more
D) three times as

According to the results of criminal justice research,which of the following statistics or factors do not evidence the effect of racism against blacks in police-citizen encounters?

A) The frequency of arrests of blacks for sale of cocaine and heroin in proportion to whites.
B) The frequency of arrests of black in proportion to whites
C) The neighborhoods in which arrests take place.
D) The frequency of police shooting of blacks in proportion to whites.

Most research suggests that,while there is an absence of systematic racial discrimination in the U.S.criminal justice system ______.

A) there is systematic ethnic discrimination
B) Jim Crow laws still result in discrimination against minorities
C) grand apartheid is evident everywhere in the country
D) there is discrimination in some places at specific decision-making points

In one study of police employed by the Cincinnati Police Division,they discovered that more ______ interactions ended in arrest than black officer-suspect interactions.

A) white officer-suspect
B) Native American officer-suspect
C) hispanic officer-suspect
D) Asian officer-suspect

It has been argued that any ______ within the juvenile justice system should be considered separately from the adult system.

A) arrests
B) discrimination
C) interrogation
D) charges brought

The concept of "grand apartheid" (as distinguished from "petit apartheid") refers to ______ racism in police interactions with members of minority groups.

A) occasional
B) overt
C) daily,informal
D) rare

Much interaction between police and minorities may involve "petit apartheid." This term means ______.

A) overt racism
B) legally sanctioned racism
C) Jim Crow laws
D) informal,low-visibility racism

Petit apartheid is ______.

A) racism by high ranking government officials
B) overt racism
C) racism by the community
D) informal or hidden police racism during interactions with minorities

With regard to the contention of systematic racism in the criminal justice system there is ______.

A) no consensus among the researchers
B) a strong consensus that systematic racism pervades every jurisdiction
C) a strong consensus that racism is rare and not systematic
D) very little research available

What census year was used to justify discriminatory laws regarded by whites as necessary until blacks were able to overcome legacy of slavery through their own efforts?

A) 1870
B) 1880
C) 1890
D) 1900

Social practices which attribute merits or allocate values to members of racially categorized groups solely because of race are ______.

A) ethnicity
B) race
C) racism
D) discrimination

The term "race" refers to groups of persons who are relatively alike in their biological inheritance and ______.

A) maintain a distinct subculture
B) share the same mitochondrial DNA
C) are distinct from other groups
D) cannot reproduce with other races

It is morally impermissible to treat people differently unless there are ______ differences between them.

A) racial
B) factual
C) economic
D) religious