Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

A) Martha improves her grades in English and Math so that her mom can take her shopping as she had promised earlier.
B) Jeff wakes up a few seconds before his alarm clock goes off in order to avoid the obnoxious alarm sound.
C) Rodney mows the lawn more than once a week so as to get $10 from his mother every time he mows the lawn.
D) Barney rapidly increases the sales of his product and ensures complete sale of his stock so that he can get the full 20% bonus as promised by his employer.

Catherine, a 15-year-old, has an elder sister and a younger sister.According to Adler, which of the following is most applicable to Catherine in the context of birth order?

A) She is likely to be the center of attention in comparison to her siblings.
B) She is most likely of the three to suffer from a psychological disorder.
C) She is most likely of the three to engage in thefts and other petty crimes.
D) She is likely to be inspired by her elder sister and strive for success.

An example of a self-handicapping strategy would be a student who

A) barely studied for a test he thought he would probably get an "A" on.
B) barely studied for a test he thought he would probably fail.
C) took an extremely heavy load of courses during fall semester, and studied constantly in order to do well.
D) pretended to need a wheelchair in order to meet members of the opposite sex.

Two forms of amnesia are ___________ amnesia, in which an individual forgets his or her entire life history, and ___________ amnesia, in which a person can remember nothing following a certain point in time.

A) localized; continuous
B) localized; generalized
C) systematized; selective
D) generalized; localized
E) generalized; continuous

If we assume the modern view of existential import, why is the following syllogism invalid? Some terrorists support an independent Palestinian state.
John Smith supports an independent Palestinian state.
John Smith is a terrorist.

A) undistributed middle
B) illicit major or minor term
C) two negative premises
D) negative premise with affirmative conclusion, or negative conclusion with no negative premise
E) universal premises with particular conclusion

The school of modern psychology that was developed to offset the perceived emphasis in psychology on pathology and suffering is called

A) psychodynamic psychology.
B) behaviorism.
C) positive psychology.
D) coping psychology.