In an effort move the greatest amount of material in a day, what did Frederick W. Taylor do when his studies revealed the optimum shovel load to be 21 pounds?

A) Automated the process to eliminate human labor
B) Invented a steam-powered shoveling machine
C) Suggested employees bring their own shovels to work
D) Replaced workers' shovels with specialized company shovels
E) Replaced all the shovelers with harder workers

Allport's psychological perspective in the "reality of groups" debate argued that

A) people join groups so rarely that their influence on behavior is minimal.
B) groups can be understood in terms of the psychology of the individual members.
C) groups possess a collective conscious in some cases.
D) suicide is caused by anomie rather than group processes.
E) only primary groups are important to study.