After having first conditioned an animal to salivate to a tone, Pavlov found that without pairing with the food, salivation to the tone became weaker and weaker and then finally disappeared. This process is known as __________

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) shaping.
C) chaining.
D) extinction.

Genes direct our physical development by synthesizing

A) hormones.
B) proteins.
C) DNA.
D) chromosomes.

One of the most serious criticisms of psychoanalytic theory is its:

A) reliance on tests.
B) lack of flexibility.
C) unrealistic optimism.
D) use of after-the-fact explanations.

Negative interactions with adult children are associated with parent daily patterns of the hormone ______.

A) testosterone
B) cortisol
C) oxytocin
D) estrogen

Iconic memory refers to

A) the encoded meanings of words and events in short-term memory.
B) photographic or picture-image memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a second.
C) the effortlessly processed incidental information about the timing and frequency of events.
D) the visually encoded images in long-term memory.

When explaining to his wife how positive reinforcement and positive punishment are similar, Jackson correctly says that both

A) increase the probability of a behavior.
B) decrease the probability of a behavior.
C) remove a stimulus.
D) add a stimulus.