What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A) One causes hyperglycemia, whereas the other causes hypoglycemia.
B) One demonstrates protein breakdown, whereas the other demonstrates protein synthesis.
C) One leads to blindness, whereas the other leads to kidney disorder.
D) One has insulin hypersecretion, whereas the other has insulin hyposecretion.
E) One has insulin deficiency, whereas the other has insulin resistance.

Podocytes are located in the wall of

A) the Bowman's capsule.
B) the glomerulus.
C) the peritubular capillaries.
D) the renal artery.
E) the proximal convoluted tubule.

When two viruses infect a cell at the same time, there is a possibility of gene exchange between the two. This is called ____.

A) gene swapping
B) horizontal gene transfer
C) viral exchange
D) viral reassortment
E) conjugation

The vasomotor center

A) regulates the expansion of elastic arteries.
B) controls the contraction and relaxation of precapillary sphincter muscles.
C) increases the strength of heart muscle contraction under low O₂ conditions.
D) sends low frequency action potentials to blood vessels to maintain tone.

All species on Earth today are descended from a cell that lived as early as ____ years ago.

A) 570 million
B) 1.4 billion
C) 4 billion
D) more than 5 billion
E) more than 10 billion

Which portion of the antibody binds to the antigen?

A) variable region
B) constant region
C) heavy chain
D) light chain

After having signed a contract with a binding arbitration clause in it, an employer is legally bound to accept an arbitrator's decision on a particular issue even if they disagree with that decision.

The boundary between adjacent sarcomeres is the

A) A band
B) H zone
C) Z line (disc)
D) I band
E) M line