Which of the following is a disadvantage of informal structures?

A) They are characterized by too many vertical layers of management.
B) They are typified by the presence of complex formal communication flows.
C) They have very centralized systems that restrict employee freedom.
D) They are characterized by the existence of "in" and "out" groups.
E) They discourage informal learning as people work and interact together throughout the workday.

Informal Structures

Informal structures refer to the unofficial relationships and channels of communication that form naturally among employees within an organization, shaping social networks and influencing how work actually gets done.

"In" and "Out" Groups

Social categorizations within teams or organizations where members are either included within a preferred group ("in") or excluded ("out").

Vertical Layers

Layers within an organization that represent different levels of authority and responsibility, from top-level management to frontline workers.