The authors of Chapter 17 ("Applying Social Psychology to the Good Life") emphasize two theories regarding the processes underlying optimism and pessimism.Which is one of the theories?

A) Seligman's (2008) learned helplessness theory
B) Carver and Scheier's (2009) expectancy theory
C) Bandura's social learning theory
D) theory of planned behavior

Learned Helplessness

A condition of a human or animal that has learned to behave helplessly, failing to respond even though there are opportunities for it to help itself by avoiding unpleasant circumstances or by gaining positive rewards.

Expectancy Theory

A psychological theory suggesting that an individual's motivation to engage in an activity is influenced by their expectations of the outcome and the value they place on that outcome.

Social Learning

A theory that suggests individuals learn new behaviors by observing and imitating others, as well as through the rewards or punishments that follow these behaviors.