What are the similarities and differences of behavior modification and cognitive therapy as used for pain management? How does cognitive behavior therapy combine these approaches?​

A. Behavior modification
1. Has the goal of shaping behavior; cognition or feelings are not a concern.
2. Has been used as a treatment for the control of pain, with the assumption that pain can be reinforcing for some people because they receive positive reinforcement for expressing pain.
B. Cognitive therapy
1. Employs the persons' thoughts and feelings and assumes that behavior is shaped by these cognitive processes.
2. Can be used for pain management to help people change their attitudes and cognitions about the experience of pain.
C. Similarities
1. Both use a psychological approach.
2. Both share the goal of changing behavior.
3. Many cognitive therapy approaches, such as pain inoculation, combine cognitive and behavioral techniques, making a cognitive behavioral technique.
D. Differences
1. The two approaches emphasize different routes to their similar goals of behavior change; behavior modification through the shaping of overt behavior and cognitive therapy through changes in cognitions.
2. Cognitive therapies work toward improving patients' feelings of efficacy, the feeling that they can be effective in dealing with their problems, whereas behavior modification deals only with overt behaviors.
3. Cognitive therapies tend to emphasize self-management, whereas behavior modification programs tend to rely on reinforcement from others to change behavior.
E. Cognitive behavior therapy combines the techniques and goals of the cognitive and behavioral approaches.
1. It works toward changing attitudes and thoughts.
2. It includes behavioral goals.
3. Cognitive behavioral therapy is more effective for stress and pain management than either cognitive therapy or behavior modification.