What is the relationship between academic self-concept and academic achievement?

A) Academic self-concept causes academic achievement.
B) Academic achievement causes academic self-concept.
C) Academic self-concept is unrelated to academic achievement.
D) Academic self-concept and academic achievement are reciprocally related.

Academic self-concept and academic achievement are reciprocally related. This means that having a positive academic self-concept can lead to better academic achievement, and vice versa. For example, a student who believes they are capable of achieving high grades may put in more effort and study harder, leading to better academic performance. On the other hand, achieving high grades can also boost a student's academic self-concept and their belief in their capabilities. The relationship between academic self-concept and academic achievement is dynamic and can change over time.