Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that support female genital mutilation in many African cultures?

A) the meaning of womanhood in many cultures that practice female genital mutilation
B) the overwhelming presence of patriarchy and the need to oppress women
C) the social and psychological benefits the practice provides the participant
D) the high social value of virginity and marriageability that are supported by genital mutilation

Female Genital Mutilation

A procedure that entails either the complete or partial excision of the external parts of the female genitals or any harm to the female genital organs without medical justification.

African Cultures

A term referring to the vast range of distinct societies, traditions, languages, and histories found across the African continent.

Patriarchy

A social system in which men hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, and control of property.