Which of the following would be a leadership substitute?

A) Skilled employees
B) Employees with strong self-leadership competencies
C) Performance-based reward systems
D) Supportive colleagues
E) All of the above

Leadership substitutes are factors that can diminish the need for a leader's direct involvement by either providing guidance and motivation directly to employees or by creating conditions that naturally motivate and direct employee actions. Skilled employees, employees with strong self-leadership competencies, performance-based reward systems, and supportive colleagues can all act as substitutes for traditional leadership by either reducing the need for external motivation or direction, or by providing alternative sources of guidance and support.