B

D

The foundation for mass society theory can be traced back to Émile Durkheim and his belief that people need to feel connected to the society around them in order for the individual and the society to be healthy.Mass society theory suggests that the forces of industrialization and urbanization,as well as the sheer size and pace of our contemporary world,are diminishing our ties to those around us.Without these ties,people are left feeling alienated,vulnerable to manipulation by elites,and prone to extremist social movements.
Beginning with the work of William Kornhauser,mass society theory has argued that people who feel socially isolated are attracted to social movements as a way of connecting with others and gaining a sense of importance and belonging.According to Kornhauser,then,the people who are most likely to participate in social movements are those who lack ties to the community.However,recent research challenges this assumption.For example,Thomson found no evidence to suggest that modern society has diminished people's kinship ties or connections to their local community.Additionally,those who feel most connected are most likely to join with others to achieve collective benefit.

B

C

D

Montesquieu's contribution to sociological theory is his appreciation for cultural diversity,as evidenced in his book,The Person Letters,which demonstrated his ability to write from the perspective of someone outside his own culture.In effect,he practised the sociological imagination by forcing himself,and his readers,to look at themselves and see the strange in the familiar.
Second,his interest in studying other countries and cultures demonstrated his comparative approach to research methods,which allowed social scientists to analyze various social phenomena cross-nationally.

A

Answers will vary. As adults, we spend about one-third of our time sleeping. Neonates greatly outdo us, spending two-thirds of their time, or about 16 hours per day, in sleep. And, in one of life's basic challenges to parents, neonates do not sleep their 16 hours consecutively. The typical infant has about six cycles of waking and sleeping in a 24-hour period. The longest nap typically approaches four and a half hours, and the neonate is usually awake for a little more than one hour during each cycle. After a month or so, the infant has fewer but longer sleep periods and will usually take longer naps during the night. By the ages of about six months to one year, many infants begin to sleep through the night. Some infants start sleeping through the night earlier. A number of infants begin to sleep through the night for a week or so and then revert to their wakeful ways again for a while.

improved reading,school performance,social skills,better psychosocial well-being,and self-efficacy