1. **Sappers**: Sappers are military engineers who perform a variety of tasks such as building and repairing roads and bridges, laying and clearing mines, and conducting demolitions and tunneling. They are important because they play a crucial role in shaping the battlefield, enabling the movement of troops and supplies, and often directly impacting the outcome of military engagements.
2. **Francisco "Pancho" Villa**: Pancho Villa was a prominent Mexican revolutionary general during the Mexican Revolution, which took place from 1910 to 1920. He is important because he was a key figure in the overthrow of the Porfirio Díaz dictatorship, and his actions had significant impacts on Mexico's political and social landscape. Additionally, his 1916 raid on Columbus, New Mexico, prompted the U.S. to send an expeditionary force into Mexico in an attempt to capture him.
3. **Blockade**: A blockade is an effort to cut off supplies, war material, or communications from a particular area by force, usually in the context of naval operations during wartime. Blockades are important because they can be a decisive factor in warfare, as they aim to weaken the enemy by preventing the import of goods and resources necessary for sustaining military forces and civilian populations.
4. **Charles Evans Hughes**: Charles Evans Hughes was an American statesman, lawyer, and Republican politician who served as the 36th Governor of New York, Associate Justice and later Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and U.S. Secretary of State. He is important for his contributions to American jurisprudence, his role in international relations, and his near-win of the 1916 presidential election, where he was narrowly defeated by Woodrow Wilson.
5. **Zimmerman Telegram**: The Zimmerman Telegram was a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico in the event of the United States entering World War I against Germany. The interception and decoding of the telegram by British intelligence and its subsequent release to the American public is important because it helped sway American public opinion in favor of joining the war on the side of the Allies.
6. **Schenck v. U.S.**: Schenck v. United States was a landmark Supreme Court case in 1919 that concerned enforcement of the Espionage Act of 1917 during World War I. It is important because it established the "clear and present danger" standard as a test for determining when speech protected under the First Amendment could be limited. The case was significant in the context of civil liberties and the limits of free speech in times of national security concerns.
7. **Vladimir Lenin**: Vladimir Lenin was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist who served as the head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. He is important because he was the founder of the Russian Communist Party, leader of the Bolshevik Revolution, and architect and first head of the Soviet state. His ideas and policies shaped the course of Russian history and had a profound impact on global politics in the 20th century.
8. **Pandemic**: A pandemic is an outbreak of a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects an exceptionally high proportion of the population. Pandemics are important because they can lead to significant mortality and morbidity, disrupt societies and economies, and trigger widespread social and governmental responses to contain and manage the disease.
9. **The Inquiry**: The Inquiry was a study group established in 1917 by Woodrow Wilson to gather the data and prepare materials for the peace negotiations following World War I. It is important because its work laid the foundation for the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and influenced the creation of Wilson's Fourteen Points and the Treaty of Versailles.
10. **J. Edgar Hoover**: J. Edgar Hoover was the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the United States and served from its founding in 1935 until his death in 1972. He is important because he played a significant role in shaping the FBI into a large and efficient crime-fighting agency, but his tenure is also controversial due to allegations of abusing his power for political purposes and violating civil liberties.

A

C

C

B

A strong answer would include
-a discussion of Henry IV's suspicion of representative bodies.
-an explanation of how Henry IV dispensed privilege.
-an explanation of the role of ministers and other advisors in both reigns,especially Richelieu.
-a discussion of the use of manufacturing and both internal and external trade.

C

A

E