The main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is that in operant conditioning

A) every response is reinforced, not just some of them.
B) much simpler responses are required.
C) the animal's behavior controls the outcomes (including reinforcers) .
D) the animal is given punishments instead of rewards.

Jonah learned to eat cereal by picking up a few pieces at a time and putting his fingers and the cereal pieces into his mouth.While eating yogurt,Jonah realizes that this method does not work,so he instead learns that yogurt is eaten with a spoon.Jonah's learning to eat yogurt with a spoon-NOT his fingers-shows

A) accommodation.
B) assimilation.
C) theory of mind.
D) centration.

Syntax refers to

A) the order in which words are used.
B) the number of syllables in a word that have meaning.
C) the fact that adjectives always come after the words they describe.
D) the meanings of words that are spoken or written.

Lycanthropy is an extremely rare condition in which someone believes he or she is a wolf. An investigator who wished to study this condition would most likely rely on which method?

A) case history
B) survey
C) single-blind experiment
D) double-blind experiment

Liam is working on a tough homework assignment for geometry.When he hits a particularly difficult question,he asks his mother for help.She shows him how he can measure some items around the house in order to understand the concepts in his assignment.Because of this hint,Liam is able to finish his homework.What is the term that Vygotsky would have used to describe the difference between what Liam could do with and without help

A)  accommodation 
B)  assimilation 
C)  zone of proximal development 
D)  apprenticeship stages

When Amir took his first ride on the big ferris wheel,he looked down at the fairground 100 feet below and became aware of his high level of physiological arousal.Suddenly he felt frightened.The sequence of events in Amir's emotional experience reflects

A) the Cannon-Bard theory.
B) the two-factor theory.
C) cognitive appraisal.
D) the James-Lange theory.

Dr.Pine is testing a new drug and has a placebo-control group.When he provides the drugs to patients and when he interviews them about side effects,he never knows whether the patient got the drug or the placebo.What is the most likely reason that Dr.Pine chose this type of research design

A)  It reduces the impact of experimenter bias. 
B)  It prevents the halo effect. 
C)  It minimizes the possibility of self-report bias. 
D)  It ensures that the sample is not biased.

Which of your text's unifying themes is partly illustrated by the fact that variations in cognitive style sometimes reflect the ecological demands of one's environment

A)  Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. 
B)  People's experience of the world is highly subjective. 
C)  Psychology is theoretically diverse. 
D)  Behaviour is shaped by our cultural heritage.

Aggression that is learned and then maintained through reinforcement is called:

A) inter-male aggression
B) territorial defense
C) instrumental aggression
D) irritable aggression