What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?

A) punishment
B) positive reinforcement
C) negative reinforcement
D) positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

As scientists,psychologists adopt an attitude of skepticism because they believe that

A) people are unlikely to reveal what they are really thinking.
B) most commonsense ideas about human behavior are wrong.
C) claims about human behavior need to be supported with evidence.
D) people usually have ulterior motives for acting.

Successful studying at the college level means becoming intimately, actively, and, at times, even passionately engaged with the material.

One night, a young couple gets into a loud fight, disturbing their neighbors. Which of these explanations falls on the person side of the person-situation debate?

A) They were both aggressive types.
B) They must have been drinking.
C) She just told him she was unexpectedly pregnant.
D) It was the end of the semester, so they were stressed and tired.

Diets laden with hormone-mimicking chemicals are suspected of contributing to girls' earlier experience of

A) androgyny.
B) gender identity.
C) menarche.
D) gender schemas.

In psychodynamic theory, what is a defense mechanism?

A) a psychological process that keeps us from experiencing some causes of suffering
B) a biological reflex to avoid injury
C) a process by which we evaluate the conscious mind
D) a physiological process that automatically prompts regret