Engels argued that along with the other vast changes generated by the Industrial Revolution,family forms were radically altered.With the rise of industrialism,workplaces shifted from homes to factories.Men became workers in these factories,forced to earn a wage for their labour and thus made dependent on business owners for their material survival.Families likewise shifted from being sites of production to sites of consumption.That is,families were no longer organized around producing at home mainly for their own consumption;instead,they purchased goods and services in the marketplace.Engels argued that material conditions determine family life.He pointed out that as societies industrialized,those who were able to provide the necessities of life (i.e. ,men)amassed social power.Women and children commanded the lowest wages on the earnings ladder,and were thus dependent on male wage earners.Engels demonstrated that with the development of class-based societies,women's social position,relative to men's,declined.Contrary to popular nostalgia,married women often engaged in waged work.Nonetheless,they were "defined by their domestic roles as private,subservient domestic labourers subject to male control and authority within the home." Not only women but the family itself was now viewed differently-as a private affair,separate from the public sphere of business and politics.

Instrumental conditioning is a process of socialization in which a person learns a behavior based upon rewards and punishments.My high school volleyball coach wanted the team to make as few mistakes as possible.She used sprints during practices as a punishment when we made mistakes.She delivered the reinforcement on a variable-ratio schedule; sometimes we would sprint after one mistake, sometimes after ten.Though unpleasant, the conditioning was effective in that we played better and made fewer mistakes in order to avoid sprints.We also developed a sense of self-efficacy in our volleyball abilities, leading to intrinsic motivation and self-reinforcement to play well and avoid mistakes.

C

Anorexia nervosa

D

A