Which technology has been used to successfully deactivate specific human genes, modify yeasts for biofuel production, and modify agricultural crop?

A) gene therapy
B) vectors
C) CRISPR/Cas9
D) cell signaling
E) epigenetics

How does the process of fossilization occur?

A) Bones become rocks when exposed to high temperatures.
B) Minerals seep into the spaces of bones, turning them into rocks.
C) Bones are buried deep in the ground by sediment and later exposed.
D) The Sun dries out bones until they are hardened and preserved.

The spontaneous opening of Na⁺ channels marks the beginning of ________ of a cardiac muscle cell.

A) depolarization
B) repolarization
C) hyperpolarization
D) isopolarization
E) afterpolarization

What type of epithelium occurs in the mucous membrane of the trachea?

A) transitional epithelium
B) stratified squamous epithelium
C) pseudostratified ciliated columnar
D) simple columnar cells

A taxon that diverges earlier than the other taxa being considered in cladistic analysis is a(n) :

A) clade.
B) outgroup.
C) shared taxon.
D) derived taxon.
E) homologous taxon.

What allows mammals to process a wider variety of foods than other vertebrates?

A) They have two types of teeth.
B) They have four types of teeth.
C) They have hinged jaws.
D) They have larger mouths.
E) They have sharper teeth.

When two bones grow together across a joint to form a single bone, this is called a ________.

A) suture
B) syndesmosis
C) gomphosis
D) synostosis
E) symphysis