When perception is largely data-driven, determined by the incoming stimulus information, it is said to be __________.

A) gestalt
B) bottom-up
C) top-down
D) primed

A group of researchers investigates the effects of a vitamin supplement on animal memory.During the first part of the study,the animals learn to run a maze while they are not receiving the supplement; in the second part of the study,the animals learn to run a different maze while they are receiving the supplement.In each case,the researchers count how many trials it takes before the animals can run the maze pattern without making any errors.What is the independent variable in this study

A)  the number of trials it takes to run the maze without making any errors 
B)  the trials in which the supplement is used 
C)  the presence or absence of the supplement in the animal's diet 
D)  the two different mazes used

Partialism refers to exclusive sexual attraction to a specific body part.

____________ refers to the component of nonverbal body language that uses personal contact (touching) to convey meaning.

A) Body language
B) Haptics
C) Proximity
D) Locomotion

Fetal alcohol syndrome is found in __________ per 1,000 live births.

A) 1 to 3
B) 5 to 10
C) 10 to 15
D) 20 to 30
E) 40 to 50

When Arturo and Maria visit a local jewelry store to purchase an engagement ring,the store is crowded and there is only one salesperson.When the salesperson finally approaches them,she is irritated by their request for help.Arturo and Maria realize that her behavior is due to the lack of sales help and the number of customers in the store.They are attributing the salesperson's behavior based on

A) a situational attribution.
B) a dispositional attribution.
C) cognitive dissonance.
D) central route persuasion.

Research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy indicates that

A) clients are generally satisfied with the effectiveness of therapy.
B) clients' perceptions are the best evidence available for the effectiveness of therapy.
C) clients tend to underestimate how much they have improved as a result of therapy.
D) therapy is no more effective than having a friend to talk to.

The id, according to Freud, abides entirely by __________.

A) the pleasure principle
B) the moral sense
C) the reality principle
D) the superego